Library Resources

September | National Hispanic Heritage Month

August | World Humanitarian Day

July | BIPOC Mental Health Awareness Month

June | Juneteenth & Pride Month

May | AANHPI Heritage Month

April | Global Initiatives Month

March | Women’s History Month

February | Black History Month

January | Poverty in American Awareness Month

December | Celebrating Human Rights Day

November | National American Indian Heritage Month

October | World Mental Health Day

September | National Hispanic Heritage Month

August | International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples

July | BIPOC Mental Health Awareness Month

June | Pride Month & Juneteenth

May | Military Appreciation Month

April | Celebrate Diversity Month

March | Women’s History Month

February | Black History Month

November | Humanitarian Crises and Building Peace 

September and October | National Hispanic Heritage Month

August | Women’s Equality Day

July | Disability Pride Month

June | LGBTQ+ Pride & Juneteenth

May | Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Month

April | National Deaf History Month

March | Women’s History Month

February | Black History Month

December – Human Rights Days

November | Native American Heritage Month

October | International Day for the Eradication of Poverty

September | National Hispanic Heritage Month

August | Women’s Equality Day

July | Cross-Cultural Care for Refugee Patients

June | LGBTQ+ Pride Month & Juneteenth

May | Asian Pacific American Heritage Month

April | Celebrate Diversity Month

March | National Women’s History Month

February | Black History Month

January | Martin Luther King Jr. Day & International Holocaust Remembrance Day

December | Human Rights Days & Winter Solstice

November | Native American Heritage Month

October | National Disability Employment Awareness Month

September | Hispanic Heritage Month

August | Diversity Council Highlights

July | Diversity Council Highlights

June | LGBTQ+ Pride Month

• Bailey ZD, Krieger N, Agénor M, Graves J, Linos N, Bassett MT. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions. Lancet. 2017 Apr 8;389(10077):1453-1463. PDF
• Dovidio, J. & Ikizer, E. Discrimination. Oxford Bibliographies 2019. doi: 10.1093/OBO/9780199828340-0233
• Hafer, C. & Choma, B. Belief in a Just World, Perceived Fairness, and Justification of the Status Quo. In J. T. Jost, A. C. Kay, & H. Thorisdottir. Social and Psychological Bases of Ideology and System Justification. 2009 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320916.003.005.
• Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2016. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516047113 PDF
• Hutchings, P. B., & Haddock, G. Look black in anger: The role of implicit prejudice in the categorization and perceived emotional intensity of racially ambiguous faces. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2008. 44, 1418 –1420.
• Klein, G. (May, 2019). The curious case of confirmation bias. Psychology Today.
• Shapiro, J. R., Ackerman, J. M., Neuberg, S. L., Maner, J. K., Vaughn Becker, D., Kenrick, D. T. Following in the wake of anger: when not discriminating is discriminating. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2009. 35(10), 1356-1367. doi:10.1177/0146167209339627 PDF
• Ellis J, Otugo O, Landry A, Landry A. Interviewed while Black. N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 17;383(25):2401-2404. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2023999. Epub 2020 Nov 11 PDF
• Metzl JM, Hansen H. Structural competency: theorizing a new medical engagement with stigma and inequality. Soc Sci Med. 2014 Feb;103:126-133. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.032 PDF
• Van Ryn M. Avoiding Unintended Bias: Strategies for Providing More Equitable Health Care. Minn Med. 2016 Mar-Apr;99(2):40-3, 46. PDF

• Shadravan SM, Bath E. Invoking History and Structural Competency to Minimize Racial Bias. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2019 Mar;47(1):2-6. PDF
• Chakraborty, R. (2017). The US Medical System is still haunted by slavery. Vox.

• Lange EMS, Rao S, Toledo P. Racial and ethnic disparities in obstetric anesthesia. Semin Perinatol. 2017 Aug;41(5):293-298. PDF
• Lee A, Leffert L. Gloving up for the fight against racial and ethnic disparities in obstetric anesthesia care. J Clin Anesth. 2020 Jul 22;67:109988. PDF
• Butwick AJ, Blumenfeld YJ, Brookfield KF, Nelson LM, Weiniger CF. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mode of Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery. Anesth Analg. 2016 Feb;122(2):472-9. PDF
• Caughey AB. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in General Anesthesia for Cesarean: What Are the Implications? Anesth Analg. 2016 Feb;122(2):297-8. PDF
• Tangel VE, Matthews KC, Abramovitz SE, White RS. Racial and ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity and anesthetic techniques for obstetric deliveries: A multi-state analysis, 2007-2014. J Clin Anesth. 2020 Oct;65:109821. PDF
• Toledo P, Eosakul ST, Grobman WA, Feinglass J, Hasnain-Wynia R. Primary Spoken Language and Neuraxial Labor Analgesia Use Among Hispanic Medicaid Recipients. Anesth Analg. 2016 Jan;122(1):204-9. PDF
• Caballero JA, Butwick AJ, Carvalho B, Riley ET. Preferred spoken language mediates differences in neuraxial labor analgesia utilization among racial and ethnic groups. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2014 May;23(2):161-7. PDF
• Togioka BM, Seligman KM, Werntz MK, Yanez ND, Noles LM, Treggiari MM. Education Program Regarding Labor Epidurals Increases Utilization by Hispanic Medicaid Beneficiaries: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2019 Oct;131(4):840-849. PDF
• Wanderer JP, Rathmell JP. A Tale of Different Populations: Disparities in Obstetric Anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2019 Oct;131(4):A23
• Richardson MG, Hall SJ, Zuckerwise LC. Postpartum Tubal Sterilization: Making the Case for Urgency. Anesth Analg. 2018 Apr;126(4):1225-1231. PDF
• Morris T, Schulman M. Race inequality in epidural use and regional anesthesia failure in labor and birth: an examination of women’s experience. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2014 Dec;5(4):188-94 PDF
• Green CR, Anderson KO, Baker TA, Campbell LC, Decker S, Fillingim RB, Kalauokalani DA, Lasch KE, Myers C, Tait RC, Todd KH, Vallerand AH. The unequal burden of pain: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain. Pain Med. 2003 Sep;4(3):277-94. PDF
• Hsieh YC, Shah HR, Balasubramaniam P. The Association Of Race With Outcomes Among Parturients Undergoing Cesarean Section With Perioperative Epidural Catheter Placement: A Nationwide Analysis. Cureus. 2020 Jan 14;12(1):e6652.
• Purcell-Jones JMA, Haasbroek M, Van der Westhuizen JL, Dyer RA, Lombard CJ, Duys RA. Overcoming Language Barriers Using an Information Video on Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery: Implementation and Impact on Maternal Anxiety. Anesth Analg. 2019 Oct;129(4):1137-1143. PDF
• Hardeman RR, Karbeah J, Kozhimannil KB. Applying a critical race lens to relationship-centered care in pregnancy and childbirth: An antidote to structural racism. Birth. 2020 Mar;47(1):3-7 PDF
• Owens DC, Fett SM. Black Maternal and Infant Health: Historical Legacies of Slavery. Am J Public Health. 2019 Oct;109(10):1342-1345. PDF
• Hardeman RR, Karbeah J, Kozhimannil KB. Applying a critical race lens to relationship-centered care in pregnancy and childbirth: An antidote to structural racism. Birth. 2020 Mar;47(1):3-7 PDF

• Minehart RD, Jackson J, Daly J. Racial Differences in Pregnancy-Related Morbidity and Mortality. Anesthesiol Clin. 2020 Jun;38(2):279-296. PDF
• Brad N. Greenwood, Rachel R. Hardeman, Laura Huang, Aaron Sojourner. Physician–patient racial concordance and disparities in birthing mortality for newborns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Sep 2020, 117 (35) 21194-21200. PDF
• Petersen EE, Davis NL, Goodman D, et al. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Pregnancy-Related Deaths – United States, 2007-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:762-765. PDF
• Grobman WA, Bailit JL, Rice MM, Wapner RJ, Reddy UM, Varner MW, Thorp JM Jr, Leveno KJ, Caritis SN, Iams JD, Tita AT, Saade G, Rouse DJ, Blackwell SC, Tolosa JE, VanDorsten JP; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network. Racial and ethnic disparities in maternal morbidity and obstetric care. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jun;125(6):1460-7.
• Edwards BN, McLemore MR, Baltzell K, Hodgkin A, Nunez O, Franck LS. What about the men? Perinatal experiences of men of color whose partners were at risk for preterm birth, a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020 Feb 10;20(1):91. PDF
• Vedam S, Stoll K, Taiwo TK, Rubashkin N, Cheyney M, Strauss N, McLemore M, Cadena M, Nethery E, Rushton E, Schummers L, Declercq E; GVtM-US Steering Council. The Giving Voice to Mothers study: inequity and mistreatment during pregnancy and childbirth in the United States. Reprod Health. 2019 Jun 11;16(1):77. PDF
• Attanasio LB, Hardeman RR. Declined care and discrimination during the childbirth hospitalization. Soc Sci Med. 2019 Jul;232:270-277. PDF

• Khan A, Yin HS, Brach C, Graham DA, Ramotar MW, Williams DN, Spector N, Landrigan CP, Dreyer BP; Patient and Family Centered I-PASS Health Literacy Subcommittee. Association Between Parent Comfort With English and Adverse Events Among Hospitalized Children. JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Dec 1;174(12):e203215. PDF
• Baetzel A, Brown DJ, Koppera P, Rentz A, Thompson A, Christensen R. Adultification of Black Children in Pediatric Anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2019 Oct;129(4):1118-1123. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004274 PDF
• Sabin JA, Greenwald AG. The influence of implicit bias on treatment recommendations for 4 common pediatric conditions: pain, urinary tract infection, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and asthma. Am J Public Health. 2012 May;102(5):988-95. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300621. Epub 2012 Mar 15 PDF
• King MR, De Souza E, Rosenbloom JM, Wang E, Anderson TA. Association Between Race and Ethnicity in the Delivery of Regional Anesthesia for Pediatric Patients: A Single-Center Study of 3189 Regional Anesthetics in 25,664 Surgeries. Anesth Analg. 2020 Jul;131(1):255-262. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004456 PDF
• Wallace ER, Birgfeld C, Speltz ML, Starr JR, Collett BR. Surgical Approach and Periprocedural Outcomes by Race and Ethnicity of Children Undergoing Craniosynostosis Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019 Dec;144(6):1384-1391. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000006254 PDF
• Roque RA. Transgender pediatric surgical patients-Important perioperative considerations. Paediatr Anaesth. 2020 May;30(5):520-528. doi: 10.1111/pan.13845. Epub 2020 Mar 16 PDF
• Shi Y, Hu D, Rodgers EL, Katusic SK, Gleich SJ, Hanson AC, Schroeder DR, Flick RP, Warner DO. Epidemiology of general anesthesia prior to age 3 in a population-based birth cohort. Paediatr Anaesth. 2018 Jun;28(6):513-519. doi: 10.1111/pan.13359. Epub 2018 Mar 13 PDF
• Lion KC, Raphael JL. Partnering health disparities research with quality improvement science in pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2015 Feb;135(2):354-61. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2982. Epub 2015 Jan 5 PDF
• Inusa BPD, Jacob E, Dogara L, Anie KA. Racial inequalities in access to care for young people living with pain due to sickle cell disease. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021 Jan;5(1):7-9. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30318-7. Epub 2020 Oct 13 PDF
• Cohen AL, Rivara F, Marcuse EK, McPhillips H, Davis R. Are language barriers associated with serious medical events in hospitalized pediatric patients? Pediatrics. 2005 Sep;116(3):575-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-0521 PDF
• Jimenez N, Jackson DL, Zhou C, Ayala NC, Ebel BE. Postoperative pain management in children, parental English proficiency, and access to interpretation. Hosp Pediatr. 2014 Jan;4(1):23-30. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2013-0031 PDF
• Fleegler EW, Schechter NL. Pain and Prejudice. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Nov;169(11):991-3. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2284 PDF
• Nafiu OO, Chimbira WT, Stewart M, Gibbons K, Porter LK, Reynolds PI. Racial differences in the pain management of children recovering from anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2017 Jul;27(7):760-767. doi: 10.1111/pan.13163. Epub 2017 May 15 PDF
• Nafiu OO, Mpody C, Kim SS, Uffman JC, Tobias JD. Race, Postoperative Complications, and Death in Apparently Healthy Children. Pediatrics. 2020 Aug;146(2):e20194113. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-4113. Epub 2020 Jul 20 PDF
• Baetzel AE, Holman A, Dobija N, Reynolds PI, Nafiu OO. Racial Disparities in Pediatric Anesthesia. Anesthesiol Clin. 2020 Jun;38(2):327-339. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2020.01.010. Epub 2020 Mar 23 PDF
• Academy of Pediatrics Board of Directors. Truth, Reconciliation, and Transformation: Continuing on the Path to Equity. Pediatrics. 2020;146(3): e2020019794 PDF
• Walton J, Freeman BK, Tyler-Hill Y, Brooks, O, Smitherman L. Racism in pediatric health and How to talk to children about racism. Contemporary PEDS Journal, Vol 38 No 2, Volume 38, Issue 02 PDF

• Garcia-Marcinkiewicz AG, Long TR, Danielson DR, Rose SH. Health literacy and anesthesia: patients’ knowledge of anesthesiologist roles and information desired in the preoperative visit. J Clin Anesth. 2014 Aug;26(5):375-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2014.01.013. Epub 2014 Jul 30 PDF
• Sabin J, Nosek BA, Greenwald A, Rivara FP. Physicians’ implicit and explicit attitudes about race by MD race, ethnicity, and gender. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2009 Aug;20(3):896-913. doi: 10.1353/hpu.0.0185 PDF
• Andreae MH, Gabry JS, Goodrich B, White RS, Hall C. Antiemetic Prophylaxis as a Marker of Health Care Disparities in the National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry. Anesth Analg. 2018 Feb;126(2):588-599. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002582 PDF

• University of Washington 2018 Diversity Metrics Data Book. Board of Regents Diversity, Equity & Inclusion Advisory Committee PDF
• UW Medicine. Healthcare Equity Blueprint PDF

• Boulos NM, Burton BN, Blake CM, Gabriel RA. Quotas or mission? The importance of diversity in anesthesiology. J Clin Anesth. 2020 Feb;59:116-117. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.07.005. Epub 2019 Jul 28 PDF
• March C, Walker LW, Toto RL, Choi S, Reis EC, Dewar S. Experiential Communications Curriculum to Improve Resident Preparedness When Responding to Discriminatory Comments in the Workplace. J Grad Med Educ. 2018 Jun;10(3):306-310. doi: 10.4300/JGME-D-17-00913.1 PDF
• Cruz D, Rodriguez Y, Mastropaolo C. Perceived microaggressions in health care: A measurement study. PLoS One. 2019 Feb 5;14(2):e0211620. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211620 PDF
• Talamantes E, Henderson MC, Fancher TL, Mullan F. Closing the Gap – Making Medical School Admissions More Equitable. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 28;380(9):803-805. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1808582 PDF
• McKinley SK, Wang LJ, Gartland RM, Westfal ML, Costantino CL, Schwartz D, Merrill AL, Petrusa E, Lillemoe K, Phitayakorn R; Massachusetts General Hospital Gender Equity Task Force. “Yes, I’m the Doctor”: One Department’s Approach to Assessing and Addressing Gender-Based Discrimination in the Modern Medical Training Era. Acad Med. 2019 Nov;94(11):1691-1698. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002845 PDF

• Llorens A, Tzovara A, Bellier L, Bhaya-Grossman I, Bidet-Caulet A, Chang WK, Cross ZR, Dominguez-Faus R, Flinker A, Fonken Y, Gorenstein MA, Holdgraf C, Hoy CW, Ivanova MV, Jimenez RT, Jun S, Kam JWY, Kidd C, Marcelle E, Marciano D, Martin S, Myers NE, Ojala K, Perry A, Pinheiro-Chagas P, Riès SK, Saez I, Skelin I, Slama K, Staveland B, Bassett DS, Buffalo EA, Fairhall AL, Kopell NJ, Kray LJ, Lin JJ, Nobre AC, Riley D, Solbakk AK, Wallis JD, Wang XJ, Yuval-Greenberg S, Kastner S, Knight RT, Dronkers NF. Gender bias in academia: A lifetime problem that needs solutions. Neuron. 2021 Jul 7;109(13):2047-2074 PDF
• Toledo P, Duce L, Adams J, Ross VH, Thompson KM, Wong CA. Diversity in the American Society of Anesthesiologists Leadership. Anesth Analg. 2017 May;124(5):1611-1616. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001837 PDF
• Wijesingha, R. & Ramos, H. (2017). Human Capital or Cultural Taxation: What Accounts for Differences in Tenure and Promotion of Racialized and Female Faculty? Canadian Journal of Higher Education / Revue canadienne d’enseignement supérieur, 47 (3), 54–75. https://doi.org/10.7202/1043238ar PDF
• Doll KM, Thomas CR Jr. Structural Solutions for the Rarest of the Rare – Underrepresented-Minority Faculty in Medical Subspecialties. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 16;383(3):283-285. doi: 10.1056/NEJMms2003544 PDF
• Freund KM, Raj A, Kaplan SE, Terrin N, Breeze JL, Urech TH, Carr PL. Inequities in Academic Compensation by Gender: A Follow-up to the National Faculty Survey Cohort Study. Acad Med. 2016 Aug;91(8):1068-73. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001250 PDF
• Powers BW, White AA, Oriol NE, Jain SH. Race-Conscious Professionalism and African American Representation in Academic Medicine. Acad Med. 2016 Jul;91(7):913-5. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001074 PDF
• Baird M, Daugherty L, Kumar KB, Arifkhanova A. Regional and Gender Differences and Trends in the Anesthesiologist Workforce. Anesthesiology. 2015 Nov;123(5):997-1012. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000834 PDF
• Muffly MK, Muffly TM, Weterings R, Singleton M, Honkanen A. The Current Landscape of US Pediatric Anesthesiologists: Demographic Characteristics and Geographic Distribution. Anesth Analg. 2016 Jul;123(1):179-85. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001266 PDF
• Leslie K, Hopf HW, Houston P, O’Sullivan E. Women, Minorities, and Leadership in Anesthesiology: Take the Pledge. Anesth Analg. 2017 May;124(5):1394-1396. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001967 PDF
• Zhang A. Do Individuals from Low-Income Families Belong in Medicine? (Yes!)
• Hilton EJ, Lunardi N, Sreedharan R, Goff KL, Batakji M, Rosenberger DS. Two Sides of the Same Coin: Addressing Racial and Gender Disparities Among Physicians and the Impact on the Community They Serve. Anesthesiol Clin. 2020 Jun;38(2):369-377. PDF

• Tsze DS, Asnis LM, Merchant RC, Amanullah S, Linakis JG. Increasing computed tomography use for patients with appendicitis and discrepancies in pain management between adults and children: an analysis of the NHAMCS. Ann Emerg Med. 2012 May;59(5):395-403. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.06.010. Epub 2011 Jul 29 PDF
• Jimenez N, Dansie E, Buchwald D, Goldberg J. Pain among older Hispanics in the United States: is acculturation associated with pain? Pain Med. 2013 Aug;14(8):1134-9. doi: 10.1111/pme.12147. Epub 2013 May 29 PDF
• Jimenez N, Moreno G, Leng M, Buchwald D, Morales LS. Patient-reported quality of pain treatment and use of interpreters in spanish-speaking patients hospitalized for obstetric and gynecological care. J Gen Intern Med. 2012 Dec;27(12):1602-8. doi: 10.1007/s11606-012-2154-x. Epub 2012 Jul 11 PDF
• Henry SG, Matthias MS. Patient-Clinician Communication About Pain: A Conceptual Model and Narrative Review. Pain Med. 2018 Nov 1;19(11):2154-2165. doi: 10.1093/pm/pny003 PDF
• Jimenez N, Garroutte E, Kundu A, Morales L, Buchwald D. A review of the experience, epidemiology, and management of pain among American Indian, Alaska Native, and Aboriginal Canadian peoples. J Pain. 2011 May;12(5):511-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.12.002. Epub 2011 Feb 18 PDF

• Developed by psychologists at Project Implicit®, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a free online test that measures users’ strength of subconscious associations between certain concepts (e.g., black people, gay people) and evaluations (e.g., good, bad) or stereotypes (e.g., athletic, clumsy) for the user.

Robert Fullilove, Professor of Sociomedical Sciences and Associate Dean of Community and Minority Affairs at the Columbia University Medical Center, traces the impact of slavery on African American public health today in this article.

The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) presents organizational approaches to effect culture change (from initial assessment to targeted interventions to promote equity) in this webinar.

• Axios interview with Professor Robert Fullilove, who explains that racial disparities are baked into multiple aspects of American society and disparities in healthcare are only one symptom of this larger problem.

P&G Series:
https://youtu.be/KtaVQqwFEBU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aC7lbdD1hq0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7bnS8R994I
P&G created a series of thought-provoking films on bias and racism as an invitation to the often-silent majority to become allies, advocates and activists to end racial inequality.

• Dr Nathalia Jimenez, MD, MPH discusses initiatives to incorporate EDI concepts when conducting perioperative outcomes research and QI projects.